ACE INHIBITORS

 ACE Inhibitors (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors)

ACE inhibitors are a class of drugs used mainly to treat high blood pressure (hypertension), heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. They work by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor.

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🔹 Examples of ACE Inhibitors

Generic Name Brand Name

Enalapril Enapril, Vasotec

Lisinopril Zestril, Prinivil

Ramipril Altace

Captopril Capoten

Perindopril Coversyl

Benazepril Lotensin

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⚙️ Mechanism of Action

Inhibits ACE enzyme → ↓ Angiotensin II → ↓ vasoconstriction

↓ Aldosterone secretion → ↓ sodium & water retention

↓ Blood pressure and heart workload

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❤️ Clinical Uses

Hypertension

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

Myocardial infarction (after heart attack)

Diabetic nephropathy

Chronic kidney disease (especially in diabetics)

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⚠️ Side Effects (CAPTOPRIL mnemonic)

Side Effect Explanation

C – Cough Due to bradykinin accumulation

A – Angioedema Swelling of lips/face/throat

P – Proteinuria May occur in kidney issues

T – Taste change Metallic taste

O – Orthostatic hypotension Dizziness when standing

P – Pregnancy contraindicated Teratogenic

R – Renal failure (in bilateral renal artery stenosis) Worsens kidney function

I – Increased K⁺ Hyperkalemia

L – Leukopenia Rare blood disorder

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🚫 Contraindications

Pregnancy

History of angioedema

Bilateral renal artery stenosis

Hyperkalemia

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📝 Monitoring

Blood pressure

Renal function (Creatinine)

Serum potassium

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