Pathology of GIT

 Pathology of the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT)

GIT pathology involves disorders that affect any part of the digestive system, leading to symptoms like abdominal pain, bleeding, diarrhea, or malabsorption.

---

🔍 1. Esophageal Disorders

a. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Cause: Weak lower esophageal sphincter.

Symptoms: Heartburn, acid reflux.

Complications: Barrett’s esophagus → risk of cancer.

b. Esophageal Cancer

Types: Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma.

Risk Factors: Smoking, alcohol, GERD, Barrett’s esophagus.

---

🩸 2. Stomach Disorders

a. Gastritis

Cause: H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, alcohol.

Symptoms: Epigastric pain, nausea.

b. Peptic Ulcer Disease

Ulcers in: Stomach or duodenum.

Causes: H. pylori, NSAIDs.

Complications: Bleeding, perforation.

c. Stomach Cancer (Gastric Carcinoma)

Symptoms: Weight loss, vomiting, anemia.

Risk Factors: Chronic gastritis, diet, genetics.

---

💥 3. Intestinal Disorders

a. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

Crohn’s Disease: Affects entire GIT; skip lesions, fistulas.

Ulcerative Colitis: Affects colon only; continuous inflammation.

Symptoms: Diarrhea, pain, blood in stool.

b. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Functional disorder: No structural abnormality.

Symptoms: Bloating, pain, altered bowel habits.

c. Celiac Disease

Cause: Autoimmune response to gluten.

Effect: Villous atrophy in small intestine → malabsorption.

d. Intestinal Obstruction

Types: Mechanical (e.g. tumor, hernia) or functional (paralysis).

Symptoms: Vomiting, no gas or stool passage.

---

🦠 4. Infectious Diseases

a. Gastroenteritis

Cause: Viruses (norovirus, rotavirus), bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella).

Symptoms: Diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration.

b. Parasitic Infections

Example: Giardiasis, amebiasis.

Symptoms: Chronic diarrhea, weight loss.

---

🎗️ 5. Colorectal Pathologies

a. Colorectal Cancer

Risk Factors: Polyps, IBD, low-fiber diet, family history.

Screening Tool: Colonoscopy, fecal occult blood test.

b. Hemorrhoids

Cause: Strained bowel movements, pregnancy.

Symptoms: Rectal bleeding, pain.

c. Diverticular Disease

Diverticulosis: Pouches in colon wall.

Diverticulitis: Infection/inflammation of diverticula.

---

🧬 6. Malabsorption Syndromes

Impaired nutrient absorption due to intestinal damage.

Causes: Celiac disease, chronic pancreatitis, Crohn’s disease.

Thanks💖💖